00_Table of Contents |
Save page Remove page | Previous | 1 of 17 | Next |
small (250x250 max)
medium (500x500 max)
large ( > 500x500)
Full Resolution
|
This page
All
Subset |
Object Description
| Title | Foragers and Farmers of the Northern Kayenta Region Supplemental Volume 5: Analyses and Interpretation |
| Subject | Archaeology |
| Publisher | The University of Utah Press |
| Format.Use | application/pdf |
| Type | text |
| Language | English |
| Rights Management | This material may be protected by copyright. Permission required for use in any form. For further information please contact the University of Utah Press, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. |
Description
| Title | 00_Table of Contents |
| Description | Navajo Nation Archaeology Department Report No. 02-48 PREHISTORY OF THE NORTHERN KAYENTA ANASAZI REGION: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE NAVAJO MOUNTAIN ROAD VOLUME V ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION Edited and Assembled by Phil R. Geib and Kimberly Spurr Contributions by Jim Collette Stewart Deats Phil R. Geib Janet Hagopian Kelley A. Hays-Gilpin Meredith Matthews Mick Robins Kari Schmidt Kimberly Spurr Susan Smith and Miranda Warburton Submitted by Miranda Warburton, Ph.D., Principal Investigator Navajo Nation Archaeology Department Northern Arizona University Branch Office P.O. Box 6013 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Prepared by the Navajo Nation Archaeology Department under the administration of the Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Department for the Bureau of Indian Affairs Navajo Area Office, Branch of Roads, Gallup, New Mexico VOLUME V ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION Chapter 1. Project Summary, Phil R. Geib Chapter 2. Ceramic Analysis, Kelley Hays-Gilpin and Janet Hagopian Ceramic Assemblages 2.1 Research Questions 2.1 Methods 2.6 Chronology 2.11 Brownware 2.19 Pueblo Utility Ware 2.18 Red and Orange Wares 2.30 Whitewares 2.41 Modified Sherds 2.53 Evidence for Ceramic Production 2.58 Production Step Measure 2.61 Summary and Conclusion 2.63 Chapter 3. Painted Pottery: Analysis and Interpretation, Kelley Hays-Gilpin Research Questions 3.1 Methods 3.2 Results 3.3 Conclusions 3.13 Chapter 4. Microprobe Analysis of Volcanic Ash Tempered Tusayan White Ware Kimberly Spurr, Phil R. Geib, and James Wittke Introduction to Electron Microprobe Analysis 4.2 Analytical Methods 4.3 Geologic Resources 4.6 Results of Electron Microprobe Analysis 4.8 Modeling Kayenta Anasazi Regional Exchange 14.14 Directions for Future Research 14.18 Chapter 5. Patterns in Stone Tool Raw Materials, Production, and Use: Analysis of the N16 Lithic Artifacts, Phil R. Geib and Miranda Warburton Research Topics 5.2 Variability in Stone Tools and Assemblages 5.3 Analysis Methods and Definitions 5.6 Debitage Flake Types 5.9 Debitage Condition Categories 5.20 Debitage Raw Material 5.23 Debitage Cortex 5.29 Used Flakes, Rejuvenation Flakes, and Tool Spalls 5.30 Debitage Thermal Alteration 5.32 Tools 5.33 Research Conclusions 5.44 Chapter 6. Grinding Tools and Miscellaneous Stone Artifacts, Stewart Deats Methods and Procedures 6.1 Classification of Grinding Tools 6.2 Terminology 6.8 The Transition to Agriculture and Subsistence Specialization 6.9 Craft Production and Exchange 6.20 Social Organization 6.35 Summary and Conclusions 6.45 Chapter 7. Minerals and Pigments, Kimberly Spurr and Phil R. Geib Mineral and Pigment Types and Sources 7.1 Temporal and Spatial Trends 7.6 Chapter 8. Faunal Remains from the N16 Sites, Kari M. Schmidt Analytical Methods 8.1 Taxonomic Composition 8.2 Chronological Variability 8.3 Chronological Variability within Temporal Periods 8.5 Summary and Conclusions 8.9 Chapter 9. Shell Artifacts, Arthur W. Vokes Methods 9.1 Genera and Species 9.1 Artifact Forms 9.2 Discussion and Summary 9.4 Chapter 10. Flotation Analysis, Meredith Matthews Processing and Analytical Methods 10.2 Comments on Macrobotanical Data 10.3 Results 10.5 Summary 10.9 Chapter 11. Pollen Analysis, Susan J. Smith Limitations of Archaeological Pollen Data 11.1 Methods 11.2 Pollen Types Identified 11.3 N16 Economic Pollen Types 11.4 Environmental Pollen 11.5 Archaeological Results 11.8 Conclusions 11.12 Chapter 12. Special Pollen Studies from the N16 Project: Bridging the Inferential Gap between Pollen Analysis and Past Behavior, Susan J. Smith and Phil R. Geib Experimental Pollen Washes of Corn, Seeds, and Metates 12.1 N16 Artifact Pollen Washes: Testing the Paradigm 12.5 Conclusions 12.9 Chapter 13. Archaic Summary and Interpretation, Phil R. Geib What is the Archaic? 13.2 Temporal Parameters 13.3 Cultural-Temporal Schemes 13.6 The Record and Its Limitations 13.12 The NMRAP Archaic Chronology 13.14 Paleoindian Remains and Archaic Beginnings 13.23 Settlement Continuity and the Middle Archaic 13.24 Archaic Settlement 13.33 Conclusions 13.53 Chapter 14. The First Kayenta Farmers: Summary and Interpretation of Basketmaker II Phil R. Geib Definition 14.2 Cultural-Temporal Schemes 14.5 Northern Kayenta Region Basketmaker Chronology 14.8 Farming and Foraging 14.15 Basketmaker Settlement 14.23 Architecture 14.41 Basketmaker Origins 14.45 Basketmaker II-III Transition 14.55 Conclusions 14.62 Chapter 15. Summary and Interpretation of Puebloan Remains Phil R. Geib and Jim Collette The NMRAP Puebloan Site Sample 15.2 Chronology 15.3 Site Occupation Spans and Use Histories 15.8 Puebloan Architecture 15.17 Puebloan Settlement Types and Patterning 15.28 Puebloan Mobility 15.55 Regional Settlement History and Population Trends 15.58 Chapter 16. Conclusions: The Research Design and Beyond Research Issues 16.2 Prospect 16.15 REFERENCES CITED LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. Plots of mean ceramic dates and date ranges (by sherd count). Sites in order from south to north. 2.2. Plots of mean ceramic dates and date ranges (by sherd count). Sites in order from oldest to youngest. 2.3. Seriation Curve for Primary Habitations. 2.4. Seriation Curve for Secondary Habitations. 2.5. Obelisk Utility seed jar fragment from Mountainview (14-38.586.7.1). 2.6. Kiet Siel Gray pitcher from Ditch House (14-21.627.1). 2.7. Kiet Siel Gray pitcher from Ditch House (14-21.657.1). 2.8. Local Utility Ware miniature pinch pot bowl from Three Dog Site (63-39.924.3). 2.9. Local Utility Ware miniature flared rim bowl from Three Dog Site (63-39.1003.16). 2.10. Local Utility Ware miniature seed jar from Three Dog Site (63-39.1112.3). 2.11. Storage Vessel 1, a Local Utility Ware jar fragment with unusual use wear from Three Dog Site (63- 39.843.1). 2.12. Indeterminate grayware ladle from Kin Kahuna (3-8.701.3). 2.13. Indeterminate grayware miniature pinch pot bowl from Tres Campos (14-12.622.1). 2.14. Indeterminate grayware miniature pinch pot jar from Water Jar Pueblo (2-58.502.1). 2.15. Medicine Black-on-red bowl from Hillside Hermitage (3-14.521.1). 2.16. Medicine Black-on-red bowl from Hillside Hermitage (3-14.733.2). 2.17. Tusayan B Polychrome bowl from Hymn House (2-3.706.1). 2.18. Tusayan B Polychrome bowl from Hanging Ash (63-14.628.1). 2.19. Tusayan B Polychrome bowl from Hanging Ash (63-14.536.1). 2.20. Tsegi Black-on-orange ladle from Ditch House (14-21.628.2). 2.21. Tsegi Orange jar from Ditch House (14-21.628.1). 2.22. Tsegi Orange pitcher from Hymn House (2-3.800.6). 2.23. Tusayan Black-on-red miniature cup or mug from Water Jar Pueblo (2-58.724.1). 2.24. Tusayan Black-on-red, Dogoszhi variety canteen from Water Jar Pueblo (2-58.764.1). 2.25. Tusayan B Polychrome bowl from Water Jar Pueblo (2-58.789.7). 2.26. Kiet Siel Black-on-red cup or mug from Modesty House (2-5.619.1). 2.27. Tsegi Orange ladle from Modesty House (2-5.579.1). 2.28. Indeterminate Tsegi Orange Ware miniature pitcher from Three Dog Site (63-39.1003.8). 2.29. Black Mesa Black-on-white bowl from Hillside Hermitage (3-14.576.1). 2.30. Black Mesa Black-on-white bowl from Hillside Hermitage (3-14.733.3). 2.31. Tusayan Black-on-white bowl from Ditch House (14-21.33.1). 2.32. Tusayan Black-on-white bowl from Sapo Seco (2-6.872.1). 2.33. Tusayan Black-on-white cup from Water Jar Pueblo (2-58.830.1). 2.34. Examples of Mesa Verde White Ware sherds from Three Dog Site: a) Mesa Verde Black-on-white, Classic series, b-e) McElmo Black-on-white, Western series. 2.35. Examples of Rainbow white ware from Sapo Seco; for sherd a) note neck edge is ground smooth. 2.36. Examples of white-slipped Tsegi Orange Ware from Three Dog Site: a) note whiteware design, b) note Kayenta design. 2.37. Examples of ceramic scrapers: a) Indeterminate Tsegi Orange Ware from Hanging Ash, b) Tusayan Black-on-white from Hanging Ash, c) Ash-tempered Kayenta Black-on-white from Three Dog Site. 2.38. Ceramic knife from Three Dog Site (63-39.992.1.1). 2.39. Examples of pendants: a) Ash-tempered Tusayan Black-on-white from Three Dog Site; b) Ash- tempered Tusayan Black-on-white from Water Jar Pueblo. 2.40. Examples of scoops: a) Indeterminate whiteware from Ditch House; b) Medicine Black-on-red from Hammer House. 2.41. Examples of spindle whorls: a) Tusayan Corrugated from Hammer House; b) Tusayan Black-on-white from Sapo Seco; c) Ash-tempered indeterminate PII-PIII Tusayan White Ware from Three Dog Site; d) Tusayan Black-on-red from Hammer House. 2.42. Modeled spindle whorls: a) Unfired mudware from Hammer House; b) Indeterminate ware from Three Dog Site; c) Local Utility Ware from Three Dog Site. 2.43. Examples of disks and circular gaming pieces: a) Indeterminate PII-PIII Tusayan White Ware gaming piece from Three Dog Site; b) Medicine Black-on-red gaming piece from Three Dog Site; c) Local Utility Ware, rough, gaming piece from Three Dog Site; d) Tusayan/Kayenta Black-on-white disk blank from Sapo Seco; e) Local Utility Ware, corrugated, disk from Hanging Ash; f) Indeterminate Tusayan White Ware gaming piece or possible bead blank from Sapo Seco; g) Indeterminate Tusayan White Ware gaming piece from Sapo Seco; h) Tusayan Corrugated gaming piece from Hanging Ash; i) Indeterminate Tsegi Orange Ware gaming piece from Hammer House. 2.44. Examples of tablets and gaming pieces: a) Ash-tempered Tusayan Black-on-white gaming piece from Three Dog Site; b) Indeterminate PII-PIII Tusayan White Ware gaming piece from Hanging Ash; c) Indeterminate Tsegi Orange Ware gaming piece from Three Dog Site; d) Local Utility Ware gaming piece from Three Dog Site; e) Ash-tempered Triangular Tusayan Black-on-white gaming piece or possible pendant blank from Water Jar Pueblo. 2.45. Large indeterminate Tusayan White Ware tablet from Hymn House (2-3.520.1.1). 2.46. Miscellaneous modified sherds: a) A modified indeterminate white ware from Sapo Seco; b) an indeterminate Tsegi Orange Ware pipe with one ground edge from Three Dog Site; c) Possible drill made from an ash-tempered Tusayan Black-on-white sherd from Three Dog Site. 2.47. Miscellaneous modified sherds: a-b) modified indeterminate grayware, corrugated, sherds from Three Dog Site; c) Possible jar stopper made from a Local Utility Ware, rough, sherd from Three Dog Site. 2.48. Unfired indeterminate White Ware sherds with finely ground copper mineral adhering to interior surface from Three Dog Site (63-39.924.26). 2.49. Unfired Tsegi Orange Ware polychrome sherds from Three Dog Site (63-39.761). 3.1. Rim profile examples and codes. 3.2. Attachment of design to rim. 3.3. Examples of element categories and how elements were coded. 3.4. Handles on Tsegi Orange Ware and Tusayan White Ware bowls are very similar. This unusual bowl, from the Kayenta area (Beals, Brainerd and Smith 1945) has an offset quartered layout with a typical Tusayan Polychrome design in two quarters, and a Flagstaff Black-on-white design in the other two quarters. 3.5. Design framing conventions include thick-thin framing lines (UT-B-63-39 PN787 Bag 1 Item 8) and those shown in Figure 3.2. 3.6. Overall layouts of whiteware and orange ware are often very similar. Examples of bowl layouts. Tusayan White Ware (Pueblo II, top two rows; Pueblo III, bottom three rows), and Tsegi Orange Ware (from Beals, Brainerd and Smith 1945). 3.7. Examples of design features listed in Table 3.6. 3.8. Textiles from the Kayenta area, and similar designs on ceramics from the project area. 3.9. Plaited baskets compared to Tusayan Polychrome pottery. 5.1. Proportion of technological flake types represented within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.2. Cumulative frequency distribution of the technological flake types represented within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.3. Proportion of core, biface and pressure flakes within Basketmaker assemblages ordered by site type; site numbers are prefixed by AZ-J- except for that last which is UT-B-. 5.4. Project area map showing the locations of the late Pueblo III primary habitations of Sapo Seco, Waterjar Pueblo and Three Dog Site along with pertinent data about the lithic assemblages, including the pie charts showing the proportions of core, bipolar, biface and pressure flakes identified. 5.5. Complete and nearly complete examples of arrow points from the late Pueblo III component of Three Dog site that along with the flaking debris are indicative of greater than average production of flaked facial tools at a Puebloan site in the northern Kayenta region. 5.6. Proportion of debitage condition types represented within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.7. Cumulative frequency distribution of debitage condition types represented within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic. 5.8. Proportion of whole and broken flakes for the four principal technological flake types of the NMRAP collection. 5.9. Composite graph of the proportion of technological flake types and debitage condition types within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.10. Proportion of debitage raw material by both count and weight among Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.11. Proportion of debitage by size class within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages excluding flakes smaller than _”. 5.12. Proportion of biface thinning flakes by size class within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages excluding flakes smaller than _”. 5.13. Proportion of core flakes by size class within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages excluding flakes smaller than _”. 5.14. Project area map showing the proportion of sandstone flakes recovered from the NMRAP Puebloan sites; sites in small font denote those at which no sandstone debitage was recovered. 5.15. Proportion of debitage cortex representation within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.16. Proportion of cortical debitage by technological flake type within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.17. SEM images of transport wear on obsidian artifacts. 5.18. Cumulative frequency distribution of facial flaked tool general morpho-functional types within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.19. Cumulative frequency distribution like Figure 5.18 but with cores/nodular tools added. 5.20. Frequency distribution of facial flaked tool technological categories within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.21. Frequency distribution like Figure 5.20 but with used flakes and cores/nodular tools added and with the technological types collapsed into three groups of low, medium, and high production investment. 5- 5.22. Proportion of flaked tools of Owl Rock chert within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages according to three categories of production investment. 5.23. Pie charts of flaked tool types of Owl Rock chert within Basketmaker and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.24. Pie charts of flaked tool types of petrified wood within Basketmaker and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.25. Frequency histogram of flaked tool types of Glen Canyon chert within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.26. Representation by count and weight of cores/nodular tools by temporal period. 5.27. Proportion of cores/nodular tools within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.28. Cumulative frequency distribution of cores/nodular tools within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan lithic assemblages. 5.29. Representative manos from the early Archaic Unit IV of Dust Devil Cave. 5.30. Representative Basketmaker II manos from the NMRAP secondary habitation of Blake’s Abode. 5.31. Refitting portions of a broken two hand mano one of which exhibits abrasive rounding of the broken edge; such use-wear demonstrates that the fragment continued in use as a mano after being broken, although as a much smaller tool. 5.32. Frequency histogram of length for manos classified as one hand and two hand types (includes only those finished tools that are whole or refit whole and not exhausted or recycled). 5.33. Proportion of mano size classes by temporal periods. 5.34. Frequency histogram of length for all whole manos from Basketmaker sites and those classified as classified as large or two hand types from Puebloan sites (includes only those finished tools that are whole or refit whole and not exhausted or recycled). 5.35. A refit whole example of a two hand mano from the Puebloan component (field house?) of Kin Kahuna showing the ‘bow-tie” effect of reducing mano width in the middle for ease of gripping, a task that is sometimes aided by the addition of groves for finger grips. 5.36. Frequency histogram of mano surface area for Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan periods with the Puebloan assemblage differentiated by small and large mano size (includes only those finished tools that are whole or refit whole and not exhausted or recycled). 5.37. Basketmaker II basket recovered from Grand Gulch in the collections of AMNH (cat # H13133) that contains a mixture of popped corn, squash seeds, pinyon nuts, and other items; extensive use of popped corn would have limited the need for large grinding tools. 6.1. Percentages of one- and two-hand tools comprising those portions of the mano assemblages that could be classified as one- or two-hand manos. The number of manos represented by each percentage is given in each bar. 6.2. Average whole mano grinding surface area by temporal period for N16 sites. The average area is provided above each bar and the number of grinding surfaces measured is provided in each bar. 6.3. Average grinding surface areas for whole one- and two-hand manos by temporal period for N16 sites. The average area is provided above each bar and the number of grinding surfaces measured is provided in each bar. 6.4. Percentages of the different types of metates comprising that portion of the metate assemblage that could be classified into specific type categories. The number of metates represented by each percentage is given above each bar. The one metate (a trough variety fragment) identified from the Pueblo I period is not listed. 6.5. Average grinding surface areas of whole or reconstructible metates found at N16 sites arranged by temporal period. The average grinding surface area is presented above each bar, and the number of grinding surfaces measured is provided in each bar. 6.6. Average grinding surface area of whole manos and metates by temporal period for N16 sites. The average area is provided above each bar and the number of grinding surfaces measured is provided in each bar. 6.7. Percentages of one- and two-hand manos with more than one grinding surface for each temporal period represented by the N16 sites. The number of manos represented by each percentage is given in each bar. 6.8. Percentages of one-hand manos, two-hand manos, metates, and miscellaneous stone grinding tools used as anvils for each temporal period represented by the N16 sites. The number of tools represented by each percentage is given in each bar. The one metate identified from the Pueblo I period is not listed. 9.1 Shell beads (a-d), pendants (e,f), unworked fragment (e), and stone pendant (f). 11.1. Pollen percentages from modern surface and selected subsurface sediment samples. Solid bars note modern control soil and moss polster samples. Hatched bars note archaeological and trench profile samples. Shrub and herb graphs show number of shrub taxa out of 9 possible types and number of herb taxa out of 19 possible types.. 11.2. Pollen percentages from selected samples sorted by context. Sites organized south to north from top of each context block. 11.3. Summary pollen results from structures with multiple samples. Waterjar Pueblo (AZ-J-2-58) silt lam refers to silt laminations in the fill sequence. 11.4. Sample frequency of maize pollen by chronological component. 11.5. Number of economic pollen types (excluding maize) interpreted from individual site components (28 components from 24 sites). 12.1 Pollen washes of corn cobs, silks, husk, and kernels. 12.2. Pollen concentration by area and volume for 39 artifacts. 12.3. Volume of pollen wash samples and artifact surface area. 12.4. Pollen concentration (gr/cc) and rock texture. 13.1. Examples of Oshara sequence points from the southern Kaibito Plateau around Tuba City, Arizona. 13.2. Cowboy Cave depositional units and radiocarbon dates in relation to chronological divisions for northern Colorado Plateau (from Schroedl and Coulam 1994). 13.3. General cultural-temporal sequence for the N16 project area and the northern Colorado Plateau showing chief temporal diagnostics. 13.4. Array of all but the oldest of the 59 radiocarbon dates from NMRAP Archaic sites according to calibrated age (one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing boxes). 13.5. Comparison of radiocarbon determinations on sagebrush and wood charcoal from single features at NMRAP Archaic Sites (one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing boxes). 13.6. Plot of the 10 OHD dates from the Archaic Component of The Pits in chronological order showing the 2 sigma range along with the 2 sigma calibrated age range for the radiocarbon sample that represents the probable time of deposition of the artifacts. 13.7. Plot of the 12 OHD dates from Hólahéi Scatter in chronological order showing the 2 sigma range along with the 2 sigma calibrated age range for the radiocarbon sample that represents the probable time of deposition of the artifacts. 13.8. Averages of the two internally consistent groups of OHD dates from Hólahéi Scatter. 13.9. Plainview-like point base from the surface of Locus B at Sapo Seco. 13.10. Frequency distribution of Archaic radiocarbon dates for the northern Kayenta region (Rainbow Plateau & far northern Shonto Plateau); shaded area depicts the count of dates falling within a 200 year interval based on calibrated midpoints whereas the larger distribution uses the count of dates falling within 200 year intervals based on calibrated two-sigma age range. 13.11. Frequency distribution of Archaic radiocarbon dates from the Kaibito Plateau (N21 and N608 projects); dates plotted according to the same technique as Figure 13.10. 13.12. Frequency distribution of all Archaic radiocarbon shown in Figures 13.10 and 13.11; dates plotted according to the same technique as Figure 13.10. Also shown is a recently obtained determination on Burial 2 from Sand Dune Cave (Coltrain et al. 2007). 13.13. Plots of NMRAP Archaic sites organized by density (#/sq m) of grinding tools, faunal bone, and debitage. 13.14. Bone beads and other artifacts recovered from the late Archaic component of Three Dog Site. 13.15. Projectile points recovered from Tsé Haal’á. 13.16. Frequency histogram of debitage raw material for the late Archaic components of Tsé Haal’á and Three Dog Site. 13.17. Frequency histogram of general types of flaked facial tools for the NMRAP Archaic sites identified as hunting camps (excludes a site that lacked tools). 13.18. Projectile points recovered from several of the Archaic hunting camps; Tres Campos and Windy Mesa are radiocarbon dated to the early Archaic. 13.19. Distribution of inferred settlement types by temporal period for NMRAP Archaic sites and three caves with excavation data . 14.1. Western Basketmaker II cultural-temporal phases relevant to the northern Kayenta region, including the proposed sequence for the Rainbow Plateau; see Matson (1991, 2002) for Cedar Mesa and Smiley (2002b) for northern Black Mesa. 14.2. Array of all 75 of the NMRAP Basketmaker radiocarbon dates according to calibrated two-sigma age range; maize dates are designated by M. 14.3. Comparison of radiocarbon determinations on sagebrush, maize cupules, a pinyon cone scale, and pinyon bark from various Basketmaker features at Ditch House (one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing boxes). 14.4. Comparison of radiocarbon determinations on sagebrush, maize cupules, and ricegrass seeds from Basketmaker hearths at Three Dog Site (one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing boxes). 14.5. Comparison of averaged radiocarbon determinations from Panorama House (one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing boxes). 14.6. Stratigraphically consistent series of AMS radiocarbon assays on maize from superimposed features at Kin Kahuna. 14.7. Array of 89 Basketmaker radiocarbon dates for the northern Kayenta region; one-sigma ranges shown by solid black boxes and two-sigma ranges by enclosing gray boxes. 14.8. Sum of the probability distributions of all 89 Basketmaker dates for the northern Kayenta region. 14.9. Frequency distribution of Basketmaker radiocarbon dates for the northern Kayenta region (Rainbow Plateau & far northern Shonto Plateau); shaded area depicts the count of dates falling within a 100 year interval based on calibrated midpoints whereas the larger distribution uses the count of dates falling within 100 year intervals based on calibrated two-sigma age range. 14.10. Archaic and Basketmaker radiocarbon date distributions for the northern Kayenta region highlighting the interval of date decline after which maize appears (Rainbow Plateau & far northern Shonto Plateau); shaded area depicts the count of dates falling within a 100 year interval based on calibrated midpoints whereas the larger distribution uses the count of dates falling within 100 year intervals based on calibrated two-sigma age range. 14.11. Maize ubiquity values for Basketmaker and Puebloan flotation samples of the NMRAP. 14.12. Maize ubiquity values for Basketmaker habitations excavated within the N16 ROW. 14.13. Distribution of NMRAP Basketmaker sites by inferred settlement type; also shown are three caves with excavation data . 14.14. Examples of Basketmaker II primary habitations partially excavated by the NMRAP. 14.15. Distribution of dated features at Kin Kahuna illustrating feature accretion through time. 14.16. The Mountainview site, a Basketmaker primary habitation with Obelisk Utility. 14.17. Map of a large unexcavated primary habitation outside the N16 ROW that has an artifact assemblage similar to Mountainview including early brownware pottery. 14.18. Sin Sombra, a Basketmaker II secondary habitation. 14.19. Blake’s Abode, a Basketmaker II secondary habitation. 14.20. Polly’s Place, a Basketmaker II secondary habitation with two non-contemporaneous structures. 14.21. Panorama House, a Basketmaker II secondary habitation with two non-contemporaneous structures. 14.22. Slab-lined ramp entryways to probable Basketmaker II houses on Paiute Mesa (excavation photo courtesy of the Museum of Northern Arizona). 14.23. Maps of the Desha Caves as drawn by Irwin Hayden (1930; redrawn from Schilz 1979) showing the excavated cists and recently obtained 14C dates (see Geib and Robins 2003).. 14.24. Comparison of NMRAP Basketmaker house configurations through time; houses are sized and oriented the same and ordered by calibrated 14C age based on date averages.. 14.25. Typical example of a deflector in a Basketmaker II house of the N16 project area; this instance from Structure 6 of Ditch House, AZ-J-14-21 (see also Figure 14.19).. 14.26. The earliest pit house at Kin Kahuna (Structure 5) showing the twin post holes that supported the roof; structure is dated to ca. 360-100 cal. BC based on the average of five statistically contemporaneous maize assays. The deflector consists of a recycled trough metate (view to west). 14.27. Structure 1 at Kin Kahuna showing a four post roof support arrangement; structure is dated to ca. 120 cal. BC – cal. AD 130 (view to south). The south entry accesses a small structure that might have functioned like an antechamber. 14.28. Close up of the hearth and low partition of upright slabs in the house at Mountainview; slabs partially damaged by heavy machinery (view to east). Metate leans against the pit wall of the house on the south side adjacent to a small bin that contained portions of an Obelisk Utility vessel. 14.29. Array of large bell-shaped storage features at The Pits; view to south with Storage Pit 3 in the foreground and Storage Pits 21 and 22 in the background. The average of five statistically contemporaneous assays on kernels from an offering of maize ears within a small hole of Storage Pit 3 has a calibrated two-sigma date range of BC 200-50.. 14.30. Typical cross-sections of large bell-shaped storage pits at Basketmaker sites; Storage Pit 14 (a) and Storage Pit 24 (b), The Pits. 14.31. Frequency distribution of all Archaic and Basketmaker radiocarbon dates available from the northern Kayenta region with direct dates on maize remains highlighted. 14.32. Frequency of feature types on Early Archaic, Late Archaic, and Basketmaker sites. The number of excavated sites that provide these data are given in parentheses. 14.33. A heel fragment of a four-warp wickerwork sandal from Desha Cave 1 with an AMS radiocarbon age of 1800±40 BP (from Geib and Robins 2003:Figure 5). 14.34. Idealized outlines for western Basketmaker and Elko dart points (from Geib 1996a:Figure 19).. 14.35. A western Basketmaker dart point preform and hafted dart points from Cache 1 of Sand Dune Cave showing important characteristics including flake scars; preform is coated to enhance flake scars. 14.36. A mountain sheep horn flaking tool thought to have been used an used an indirect percussion punch recovered from Atlatl Rock Cave; SEM images at increasing magnification show silica fragments embedded in used end. 14.37. A western Basketmaker dart point preform recovered from Structure 3 of Kin Kahuna, AZ-J-3-8; tool on left is shown naturally in the other views the preform is coated to enhance flake scars. 14.38. Dart points recovered from NMRAP Basketmaker II sites, including points heavily reworked or use-modified; none can be considered in “primary form”. 14.39. Examples of drills recovered from Kin Kahuna, a Basketmaker II primary habitation dated between ca. 360 cal. BC and cal. AD 430; many of the drills vary from those found in Archaic contexts, if not in overall morphology then in use-wear. 14.40. Examples of ornaments, gaming pieces and other miscellaneous artifacts from NMRAP Basketmaker sites, items not recovered from NMRAP Archaic sites: a, abalone shell pendants; b-e, bone gaming pieces; f-g, probable pendant and bead blank of iron/manganese; h, bone disk; i, bone disk bead; j, fossil shell pendant; k-m, siltstone pendants; n, probable pendant blank of siltstone; o-p, large bone beads. 14.41. Arrow-size projectile points recovered from Mountainview, a site with a radiocarbon age of cal. AD 220 and 350 based on the average of six statistically similar maize assays. 14.42. Production sequence of arrow-size projectile points as reconstructed by pressure-flaked bifaces recovered from Mountainview. 14.43. Dart and arrow point preforms from Mountainview at similar stages of reduction showing the contrast in flake scars that result from different tools and techniques in reduction; preforms coated with ammonium chloride to highlight the flake scar details. 14.44. Arrow-sized projectile point recovered from the floor of a shallow structure at The Pits. 15.1. Distribution of NMRAP Puebloan sites by inferred settlement type; temporal periods are also listed after each site name. 15.2. Graphic representation of the utility of radiocarbon dating for the Puebloan period, which increases with age but is virtually nil after about 1050 AD (more recent than ca. 960 BP); shown are 1) the radiocarbon calibration curve (atmospheric data from Reimer et al [2004] as graphed by OxCal v3.10 [Bronk Ramsey 2005]), highlighting portions that are flat and exhibit marked reversals, 2) ceramic-defined temporal periods for the northern Kayenta region, and 3) Christenson’s (1994:307) point of demarcation for markedly different accuracies in mean ceramic dates (MCDs). 15.3. Calibration results for the average of two statistically equivalent dates from the Puebloan Component at Windy Mesa in relation to a tree-ring date and the ceramic-based temporal assignment. 15.4. Mean ceramic dating of the NMRAP Puebloan sites organized from oldest to youngest; results are based on sherd count. Also shown is the one tree-ring dated construction event of the middle Pueblo III component at Ditch House. 15.5. Dating of NMRAP Puebloan sites with large ceramic assemblages (mainly primary habitations) using Ambler’s (1985) seriation curves for Tusayan White Ware and Tsegi Orange Ware. 15.6. Temporal ordering of sites from oldest to youngest based on mean ceramic dating and the seriation curve; fewer sites could be assigned a temporal span with the seriation method on account of too few typable sherds. Note that this figure does not chart the scale of change in temporal order. 15.7. Plan map of Hillside Hermitage showing the spatial separation of the middle and late Pueblo II components. 15.8. Plan map of Naakai Hooghan showing the structures from what may have been two sequential uses of this site location as a secondary habitation; the later Structure 3 and associated activity area (perhaps ramada) replacing the earlier Structure and associated ramada (Structure 2). 15.9. Plan map of Ditch House showing the structures and other features derived from three separate occupations of this single location; tree-ring dated middle Pueblo III structures occur along the northern part of the site with most impacted by previous road construction and maintenance primary habitations excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.10. Examples of excavated living rooms ordered by temporal interval. 15.11. Two Puebloan living rooms excavated to floor: a, Structure 4 at Hanging Ash (hearth not yet cleaned out); b, Structure 1 at UT-B-63-19. 15.12. Scatter plot of living room depths from shallowest to deepest. 15.13. Floor of Structure 16 at Sapo Seco after excavation, a 1.3 m deep square pit house with a pair of recessed roof support posts, a clay-rimed hearth with deflector, and paired loom holes. 15.14. Photo and illustration of Structure 3 at Hammer House, namesake for the site, a storage pit with a volume of roughly 1.4 cu m extends off on side of the structure floor. 15.15. Stick impressed mortar chunks from Structure 8 at Sapo Seco. 15.16. All excavated kivas ordered by temporal interval. 15.17. The kiva at Sapo Seco excavated up to 35 cm into Navajo Sandstone; the ventilator runs across the top of the sandstone and is thus not flush with the floor as it normally would. The sandstone forming the walls has been battered smooth and exhibits dimples from pecking.. 15.18. The Structure 5 kiva at Three Dog Site, one associated with both the middle and late Pueblo III components. Many of the slabs that lined the front of the recess had been removed in prehistory along with three oval-circular sandstone slabs once surrounded the hearth on three sides. Slabs leaning against the back wall are probably a hatch cover and a ventilator cover. . 15.19. Small kivas at the late Pueblo III sites of Waterjar Pueblo (top) and Sapo Seco (bottom). 15.20. Hypothetical roof construction method for Kayenta Anasazi kivas (from Geib et al. 1985:Figure 57). 15.21. Well preserved roof of a kiva at the late Pueblo II site of AZ-K-25-24 (after Bungart et al. 2004:Figures 4.20 and 4.21). 15.22. Kiva at the middle Pueblo II site of Hammer House showing its numerous floor features including a large volume storage pit; also present are two wall niches that extend below the floor exterior to the kiva. 15.23. Examples of excavated mealing rooms ordered by temporal interval. 15.24. Mealing room (Structure 11) at the late Pueblo III component of Three Dog Site, largest example in the NMRAP sample. The central floor area is filled with the remnants of four dismantled mealing bins, with only the mortar used to hold the metates in place still somewhat intact. Two exhausted manos rest against the side wall near the lower right corner.. 15.25. Examples of changing room function for Structure 20 at Three Dog Site: initially a mealing room with three bins, then a living room ; b, Structure 7 at Sapo Seco. 15.26. Examples of excavated granaries: a, Structure 17 at Three Dog Site; b, Structure 7 at Sapo Seco. 15.27. Structure 6 at Sapo Seco, an examples of an activity/storage room; this building had full height masonry walls on three sides and jacal across the front (SE) side; it lacked a hearths or other floor features except for two dismantled mealing bins, which occupied a relatively small area of the floor. 15.28. Examples of excavated activity/storage rooms at secondary habitations, may of which may have served as field houses, temporary resting and storage . 15.29. Middle Pueblo II primary habitations excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.30. Examples of middle to late Pueblo III primary habitations excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.31. Plan map of Hymn House, a middle Pueblo III primary habitation that illustrates a room cluster, the “basic structural component of most excavated Tsegi Phase sites” (Dean 2002:143). 15.32. The structures at Hanging Ash after full excavation, view is to the north. 15.33. . Plan map of Hanging Ash, a middle Pueblo III primary habitation that illustrates a different form architectural configuration than the room cluster, consisting of four unconnected semi-subterranean pit houses one with a large bell-shaped storage pit. 15.34. Plan map of the two superimposed architectural units at Three Dog Site, one from the middle Pueblo III ceramic period and the other from the late Pueblo III period; Structure 5, a kiva, was used during both times and serves as an orientation reference point. Two “courtyard complexes” are evident during both periods and the site can be considered as an incipient form of a “courtyard pueblo” (Lindsay 1969:243-246). 15.35. Plan map of the main architectural unit (Locus A) at Sapo Seco, a late Pueblo III primary habitation that illustrates a unit pueblo type of arrangement. 15.36. Plan map of the main architectural unit at Waterjar Pueblo, a late Pueblo III primary habitation. 15.37. Plan map of Sapo Seco showing all loci at a late Pueblo III primary habitation. 15.38. Examples of Puebloan secondary habitations excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.39. Structure 2 of the middle Pueblo III component of Modesty House excavated up to 32 cm in the Navajo Sandstone bedrock, which represents considerable effort for probable field house. 15.40. View of the divide between Piute and Navajo canyon looking north from The Slots with Navajo Mountain in the distance peaking out from behind the high ridge center top. 15.41. Recycled pipe fragment of black scoria from Tres Campos similar to portions of two other pipes found at The Slots . 15.42. NMRAP Puebloan secondary habitations (those with the most complete information, see Table 5.13) ordered according to an assessment of occupation duration and building for duration (anticipated length of occupancy). 15.43. Reconstructed relative population trends for six different localities of the northern Kayenta region. 15.44. Placement of the relative population trends of Figure 15.43 in approximate geographic position along with a general depiction of population trends for northern Black Mesa after Ahlstrom (2002:Figure 9-5). 15- 15.45. Frequency of Puebloan residential components by temporal interval for the N16 ROW as represented by the NMRAP (Segments 3-6), earlier work (Segments 1&2), and both combined. 15.46. Frequency of Puebloan structures by temporal interval for the N16 ROW as represented by the NMRAP (Segments 3-6), earlier work (Segments 1&2), and both combined. LIST OF TABLES 2.1. Ceramic assemblages discussed in this chapter, by time period. 2.2. Site function, by time period, for ceramic assemblages discussed in this chapter. 2.3. Primary temper categories used for the basic analysis of the N16 ceramics. 2.4. Secondary temper categories recorded for most sherds from the N16 sites. 2.5. Attributes of major named ceramic wares found in the N16 project area. 2.6. Color groups and their corresponding Munsell color codes. 2.7. Date ranges for ceramic types recovered within the N16 project area. 2.8. Mean date and mean date range by sherd count and weight, and minimum use date for N16 Puebloan sites, running south to north. 2.9. Type frequencies used to produce the seriation curve, in order from early to late. 2.10. Justification for the occupational medians for primary habitations, from oldest to youngest. 2.11. Justification for the occupational medians for secondary habitations, from oldest to youngest. 2.12. Temporal ordering of sites from oldest to youngest based on the mean ceramic date and the seriation curve 2.13. Grayware assemblage in the N16 project area. 2.14. Refiring color groups for Tusayan Gray Ware sherds. 2.15. Number of coils and the number on indentations per coil in a 4 cm square area for selected Tusayan Gray Ware sherds. 2.16. Vessel form by ceramic type for Tusayan Gray Ware sherds. 2.17. Count of Tusayan Gray Ware sherds with exterior soot by vessel form and time period. 2.18. Distribution of Tusayan Gray Ware sherds by site. 2.19. Refiring color groups for local utility ware sherds. 2.20. Number of coils and the number on indentations per coil in a 4 cm square area for selected local Utility Ware sherds. 2.21. Vessel form by ceramic type for local Utility Ware sherds. 2.22. Count of Local Utility Ware sherds with exterior soot by vessel form and time period. 2.23. Distribution of Local Utility Ware sherds by site. 2.24. Refiring color groups for indeterminate grayware sherds. 2.25. Number of coils and the number on indentations per coil in a 4 cm square area by temporal period for selected indeterminate grayware sherds 2.26. Vessel form by ceramic type for indeterminate grayware sherds. 2.27. Count of indeterminate grayware sherds with exterior soot by vessel form and time period. 2.28. Distribution of indeterminate grayware sherds by site. 2.29. Comparison of surface treatments for utility ware in the N16 project area. 2.30. Distribution of utility ware sherds by time period. 2.31. Distribution of utility ware sherds by site, from south to north. 2.32. Tsegi Orange Ware, refired color by temper, percent. 2.33. Tsegi Orange Ware, refired (oxidized) color, by time period, percent. 2.34. Percent of Tsegi Orange Ware sherds with soot on one side, by time period. 2.35. Percent of Tusayan White Ware sherds with soot on one side, by time period. 2.36. Tsegi Orange Ware, basic temper category by time. 2.37. Whiteware sherds in N16 project area, all time periods. 2.38. Distribution of Tusayan White Ware sherds, south to north. 2.39. Refiring color groups for Mesa Verde White Ware sherds. 2.40. Distribution of Mesa Verde White Ware sherds. 2.41. N16 indeterminate whiteware sherds. 2.42. Rainbow white ware refired color groups. 2.43. Distribution of Rainbow white ware sherds. 2.44. Refiring color groups for white-slipped Tsegi Orange Ware. 2.45. Distribution of white-slipped Tsegi Orange Ware sherds. 2.46. Refiring color groups for local indeterminate whiteware. 2.47. Distribution of other local indeterminate whiteware sherds. 2.48. Distribution of other non-local indeterminate whiteware sherds. 2.49. Distribution of sherds with repair holes by site, time period, ceramic ware, and vessel form. 2.50. Distribution of sherds with repair holes by ceramic ware and vessel form. 2.51. Proportion of sherds with repair holes to total sherds by ceramic ware. 2.52. Proportion of sherds with repair holes to total sherds for all sites. 2.53. Modified sherds by site, time period, and function. 2.54. Distribution of modified sherds by ceramic ware and function. 2.55. Proportion of modified sherds to total sherds by ceramic ware. 2.56. Proportion of modified sherds to total sherds. 2.57. Distribution of ceramic scrapers from the N16 project. 2.58. Recovery contexts by site for ceramic scrapers. 2.59. Distribution of pendants from the N16 project. 2.60. Distribution of scoops from the N16 project. 2.61. Distribution of spindle whorls from the N16 project. 2.62. Recovery contexts by site for spindle whorls. 2.63. Measurements of spindle whorls from N16 sites. 2.64. Distribution of disks from the N16 project. 2.65. Recovery contexts by site for sherd disks. 2.66. Distribution of tablets from the N16 Project. 2.67. Recovery contexts by site for tablets. 2.68. Distribution of undifferentiated worked sherds from the N16 project. 2.69. Recovery contexts by site for undifferentiated worked sherds. 2.70. Unfired sherds from Sapo Seco, Locus A, extramural surface. 2.71. Unfired clay and unfired sherds from Pit 1 of Structure 2, middle Pueblo III component of Three Dog Site 2.72. Scoring for production step measure, after Feinman and others 1981. 2.73. Production step ranges for common project area ceramic types, lowest to highest maxium score. 2.74. Percentages of sherds in each time period and site type by maximum possible production step measure for types scored as in Table 2.73. 2.75. Percentages of pottery wares and utility to decorated ware ratios by time and location in N16 corridor. 2.76. Ratios of orangeware to whiteware, by time period, in the southern (Shonto) and northern (Rainbow) parts of the N16 Right-of-way. 3.1. Analyzed bowl rim sherd frequencies by time and ware, compared to total assemblage. 3.2. Wall shape by ware and time period. Not shown: unclassified/irregular wall shapes.. 3.3. Rim shape by ware and time period. Not shown: unclassified/irregular rim shapes. 3.4. Lip shape by ware and time period. Not shown: unclassified/irregular wall shapes. 3.5. Attachment of design to rim by ware and time period. Not shown: unclassified/irregular/indeterminate attachments. 3.6. Comparison of decorative features: basketry, textiles, and Pueblo III Kayentan black-on-white and orange polychrome pottery bowl rim sherds. 3.7. Possible symbolic associations of Kayenta Tradition decorated pottery. 5.1. Stone artifacts analyzed from the 33 NMRAP data recovery sites. 5.2. Technological flake types identified for the total debitage assemblage from all 33 NMRAP sites. 5.3. Technological flake types identified for debitage assemblages from Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan components. 5.4. Comparison of flake types for the whole assemblage from the Puebloan components at Three Dog Site and for 1/8” mesh. 5.5. Comparison of flake types for the whole assemblage from Hammer House and for 1/8” mesh recovery. 5.6. Proportions of core, percussion biface and pressure flakes identified in Basketmaker assemblages from sites of different functional type. 5.7. Comparison of debitage condition categories (Sullivan and Rosen’s flake types) for debitage assemblages from Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan components. 5.8. Proportions of whole and broken flakes by four main technological flake types for the entire debitage collection. 5.9. Debitage raw material representation by both count and weight within the NMRAP collection and proportional representation of the six principal flake types by raw material. 5.10. Count of debitage raw material within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages with proportional representation of material among each assemblage. 5.11. Proportion of debitage raw material by count and weight representation within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages; also included is mean weight per material type. 5.12. Proportion of the four principal flake types and mean flake weight (g) by raw material within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages. 5.13. Distribution by size categories of debitage within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages. 5.14. Proportion of flakes within various raw material classes that retain dorsal cortex, also proportion of flakes with cortex by temporal period. 5.15. The inferred function of used flakes within the Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan debitage assemblages. 5.16. The inferred tool type for rejuvenation flakes within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages.. 5.17. The inferred tool type for tool spalls within the debitage assemblages of the Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages (% excludes indeterminate. 5.18. Distribution by temporal period of flaked facial tools recovered from all 33 sites of the NMRAP data recovery excavations. 5.19. General morpho-functional types of flaked facial tools by temporal period. 5.20. Distribution of thin and thick bifaces and small and large unifacial scrapers among the three temporal periods. 5.21. Comparison of inferred production technology for general morpho-functional types of flaked facial tools within temporal period. 5.22. Count and proportion of flaked facial tool raw material within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages; raw material organized in rough sequence of “flakability.” 5.23. Count and proportion of flaked facial tool cortex, condition, use-phase, and thermal alteration within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages by several other variables (thermal alteration excludes burned. 5.24. Representation of flaked facial tool cortex by tool type within Archaic, Basketmaker, and Puebloan assemblages. 5.25. Distribution by temporal period of core/nodular tools recovered from all 33 sites of the NMRAP data recovery excavations. 5.26. Distribution of core/nodular tools by raw material, cortex, and core/tool type. 5.27. Distribution of core/nodular tool type by temporal period. 5.28. Distribution of grinding tools by temporal period. 5.29. Mano grinding area by temporal period with Puebloan manos segregated by size class. 8.1. Summary of N16 sites the produced faunal remains organized by site number. 8.2. Summary of faunal remains from the N16 sites (south to north). 8.3. Taxa present at Archaic period sites on the N16 Project. 8.4. Presence/absence data at the residential and temporary Archaic camps. 8.5. Taxa present at Basketmaker period sites on the N16 Project. 8.6. Presence/absence data at the temporary Basketmaker camps and habitations. 8.7. Taxa present at Pueblo period sites on the N16 Project. 8.8. Presence/absence data at the temporary Pueblo camps and habitations. 8.9. Presence/absence data by Archaic, Basketmaker, and Pueblo period for the N16 sites. 8.10. NISP data from the Early Archaic, Late Archaic, Basketmaker and Pueblo period sites. 8.11. Taxa present in temporally unaffiliated deposits from sites on the N16 Project. 8.12. Taxa present at early Archaic Period sites on the N16 Project. 8.13. Taxa present at late Archaic Period sites on the N16 Project. 8.14. Taxa present at Basketmaker II sites on the N16 Project. 8.15. Taxa present at the sole Basketmaker II-III site on the N16 Project. 8.16. Taxa present at the middle Pueblo II period sites on the N16 Project. 8.17. Taxa present at the late Pueblo II period sites on the N16 Project. 8.18. Taxa present at the middle Pueblo III period sites on the N16 Project. 8.19. Taxa present at the late Pueblo III period sites on the N16 Project. 10.1. Flotation samples by site, component, and general context for 31 of the NMRAP sites. 10.2. Taxa represented in the NMRAP macrobotanical assemblage. 10.3. Taxon identified by time period for NMRAP flotation samples. 10.4. Macrobotanical remains identified from Archaic period contexts of NMRAP sites. 10.5. Macrobotanical remains identified from Basketmaker II period contexts of NMRAP sites. 10.6. Macrobotanical remains identified from Pueblo I period Contexts of NMRAP sites. 10.7. Macrobotanical Remains Identified From P II period Contexts of NMRAP sites. 10.8. Macrobotanical remains identified from Pueblo III period contexts of NMRAP sites. 11.1. Distribution of pollen samples by site and context. 11.2. Pollen types identified and sample frequency as percentages for all 287 samples and by three sites. 11.3. Summary pollen results from productive profile samples. 11.4. Sites for comparison of archaeological pollen data. 11.5. Summary of distribution of archaeological sample set by chronology and context. 11.6. Distribution of sites with pollen samples by site type and chronological component. 11.7. Interpreted significant pollen types from sites organized chronologically, Archaic to Pueblo, and spatially, south to north. 11.8. Frequency of interpreted economic pollen types by component. 12.1. List of plant seeds or nuts commonly exploited by native people of the American Southwest that comprised this pollen wash study. 12.2. Summary of 83 Experimental Pollen Washes by Treatment and Seed Specimens. 12.3. Seed and Metate Washes, Pollen Concentrations and Percentages. 12.4. Comparison of Pollen Results from Chaff and Parched Seed. 12.5. Field Grinding Experiments: Pollen Percentages from Metate Washes. 12.6. N16 Artifact Pollen Washes. 12.7. Summary Results from Multiple Pollen Washes from the Same Artifact. 12.8. Pollen Percentage Data from Artifact Washes Compared to Controls. 12.9. Artifact Washes with Unique Pollen Representation; Possible Cultural Signature. 13.1. Comparison of macrobotanical recovery from early Archaic contexts of NMRAP open sites and Atlatl Rock Cave. 13.2. Comparison of macrobotanical recovery from early and late Archaic contexts of NMRAP open sites and from deeply and shallowly buried late Archaic contexts. 13.3. List of radiocarbon dates from NMRAP Archaic sites. 13.4. Comparison of radiocarbon determinations on sagebrush and wood charcoal from single features at NMRAP Archaic Sites. 13.5. Radiocarbon dates on two samples of sagebrush collected in 2002. 13.6. Obsidian Hydration Results for 10 Flakes from The Pits and 15 Flakes from Hólahéi Scatter. 13.7. Obsidian Hydration Results for 10 Flakes from (AZ-J-14-17) grouped by obsidian source and arranged from oldest to youngest. 13.8. Summary data for the NMRAP Archaic sites or components as well as the inferred settlement role; site are organized from north to south. 13.9. Density (#/sq m) of various remains recovered from NMRAP Archaic site. 13.10. Faunal bone recovered from the late Archaic components of Tsé Haal’á and Three Dog Site. 13.11. General kinds of flaked facial tools recovered from the late Archaic components of Tsé Haal’á and Three Dog Site. 13.12. Technological flake types for the late Archaic components of Tsé Haal’á and Three Dog Site. 13.13. Proportions of identified technological flake types for the Archaic sites identified as hunting camps.. 13.14. Proportion of debitage raw material from NMRAP Archaic site; sites ordered from north to south. 13.15. Count and weight representation of technological flake types for obsidian debitage from NMRAP Archaic site; sites ordered from left to right from south to north. 13.16. Technological flake type proportions and mean weight for obsidian debitage from NMRAP Archaic sites; indeterminate debris is excluded. 14.1. List of Radiocarbon Dates from NMRAP Basketmaker Sites. 14.2. Comparison of radiocarbon dates on a maize cob (PN1045.3) from a bell-shaped pit in floor of Structure 5 at Kin Kahuna. 14.3. Comparison of radiocarbon dates on maize kernels (PN623.4), part of a maize offering in a bell-shaped storage pit at The Pits. 14.4. Characteristics of the flotation analysis sample for NMRAP Basketmaker and Puebloan sites; samples were mostly 4 liters in size. 14.5. Summary of Zea mays remains recovered from flotation samples of Basketmaker and Puebloan sites. 14.6. Comparison of measurements on maize kernels from preceramic and ceramic Basketmaker contexts of Atlatl Rock Cave. 14.7. Potential subsistence remains of “wild” plants recovered from flotation samples of NMRAP Basketmaker sites. 14.8. Rank Order (5 highest, 1 lowest) of Taxa from Eight Coprolites from Desha Cave 1 (data from Geib and Robins 2003). 14.9. Macrobotanical remains observed in dry screened matrix samples from Basketmaker layers at Atlatl Rock Cave. 14.10. Summary data for the NMRAP Basketmaker sites or components as well as the inferred settlement role; sites are organized from north to south. 15.1. Summary information for the NMRAP sites subjected to data recovery excavations; sites are organized from north to south. 15.2. Tree-ring dates for NMRAP Puebloan sites. 15.3. Radiocarbon determinations NMRAP Puebloan Sites; calibrated date ranges based on OxCal v3.10 (Bronk Ramsey 2005). 15.4. Mean date and mean date range by sherd count and weight (g) for NMRAP Puebloan sites, along with occupation median as derived by seriation and this author’s subjective temporal assignment; sites are ordered from oldest to youngest using the mean date range based on sherd count. 15.5. Comparison among several middle and late Pueblo II sites of the N16 Project area using ratios of Black Mesa Black-on-white to Sosi and Dogoszhi Black-on-white combined and Medicine Black-on- red to Tusayan Black-on-red; known latest tree-ring dates are given. 15.6. Count and weight of identified ceramic types by ware for the middle Pueblo III and mixed ceramic assemblages at Ditch House. 15.7. Comparison among several late Pueblo III sites on the Rainbow Plateau of the ratio of Tusayan Black-on-white to Kayenta Black-on-white and Tusayan Polychrome to Kayenta and Kiet Siel (whiteline) Polychromes; known latest tree-ring dates are given. 15.8. Summary of the 83 structures excavated at NMRAP Puebloan sites. 15.9. Summary data for Puebloan living structures excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.10. Summary data for Puebloan kivas excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.11. Summary data for Puebloan mealing rooms excavated within the N16 ROW. 15.12. Comparison among NMRAP primary habitations with comparable levels of investigation using overall artifact and bone counts, counts per structure (Str.), and ratios of certain artifact classes. 15.13. Comparison among NMRAP secondary habitations with comparable levels of investigation using overall artifact and bone counts, counts per structure (Str.), and ratios of certain artifact classes. 15.14. Changing order of secondary habitations according the frequency of recovered sherds, debitage, formal flaked tools (excludes used flakes), and grinding tools. |
| Rights Management | This material may be protected by copyright. Permission required for use in any form. For further information please contact the University of Utah Press, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. |
